[messaging] RFC: Bao, a tree hash and encoding format for incremental verification

[Jack O'Connor]

Bao uses a similar algorithm for hashing input incrementally. There's a
stack of partially completed subtrees, which get merged together as more
input arrives. There's also a cute trick, where you can use the number of
binary 1's in the count of leaves so far, to tell you when to merge
subtrees. Here's the Python version:
https://github.com/oconnor663/bao/blob/0.5.0/tests/bao.py#L176-L205
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